DY Patil B-School, located in Pune, is one of India’s leading institutions offering MBA and PGDM Global programs. The institute is known for its industry-focused curriculum, world-class faculty, state-of-the-art infrastructure, and strong placement support.
The business school emphasizes innovation, leadership, and practical exposure, ensuring that graduates are equipped to handle the global business environment. With AICTE approval, international collaborations, and a student-centric approach, DY Patil B-School stands out as a top choice for management education.Read More
DY Patil B-School is a well-known institution that provides top-quality education in the field of business and management. It is recognized for its modern approach, strong industry connections, and focus on student success. The institute prepares students for global careers by offering a dynamic learning experience.
DY Patil B-School – A Name of Excellence
DY Patil B-School stands out due to its student-first approach and strong academic foundation. It provides a balance of knowledge and practical exposure, ensuring that students are ready for the corporate world.
Key Features of DY Patil B-School
Feature
Details
Strong Industry Connections
Collaborations with top companies for projects and internships
Global Exposure
Opportunities for international learning and corporate visits
Modern Campus
Advanced facilities for an excellent learning experience
Skill-Based Learning
Focus on developing real-world business skills
Career Support
Dedicated placement team for top job opportunities
Entrepreneurship Focus
Support for students interested in starting their own business
Why DY Patil B-School is a Great Choice?
There are many reasons why DY Patil B-School is considered one of the best management institutes. The institute goes beyond classroom learning and provides students with real corporate exposure.
1. Industry-Oriented Learning
Practical training through case studies and live projects
Workshops conducted by top industry professionals
Internships with leading companies for real-world experience
2. Focus on Overall Growth
Leadership programs to develop management skills
Soft skills training for better communication and confidence
Team-building activities to prepare students for corporate challenges
3. Global Learning Opportunities
Corporate visits to international business hubs
Interaction with global leaders and business experts
Opportunities for international internships and exchange programs
4. Strong Alumni Network
Successful professionals working in top companies
Networking events to help students connect with alumni
Guidance and mentorship for career growth
5. Student-Centered Approach
Small batch sizes for personal attention
Customized learning paths based on student interests
Use of latest technology for a better learning experience
Learning Methods at DY Patil B-School
DY Patil B-School uses modern teaching techniques to make learning interesting and useful for students.
How Students Learn?
Learning Method
Description
Case Studies
Learning from real-world business problems
Live Projects
Working with companies to solve actual challenges
Guest Lectures
Interaction with industry experts
Simulations & Games
Practical decision-making exercises
Group Discussions
Improving communication and analytical thinking
Workshops & Seminars
Learning new business strategies from professionals
Use of Technology in Learning
Smart classrooms with digital tools
Online study materials for flexible learning
Industry software training to prepare students for jobs
Virtual business simulations to develop decision-making skills
Corporate Exposure and Practical Learning
DY Patil B-School focuses on bridging the gap between academics and industry.
Industry Partnerships
Industry Collaboration Type
Benefits for Students
Corporate Projects
Hands-on experience in solving business problems
Internships
Work with real companies and gain experience
Company Visits
Understand business operations closely
Industry Expert Sessions
Learn from professionals in various fields
Live Business Challenges
Apply classroom knowledge in real-world scenarios
Corporate Tie-Ups
DY Patil B-School collaborates with various industries to ensure students get the best learning experience. Some of the top companies associated with the institute include:
Multinational Companies (MNCs)
Startups and Emerging Businesses
Finance and Banking Institutions
Consulting Firms
Technology & IT Companies
These partnerships help students build strong industry connections and gain valuable insights into the business world.
Student Development Programs
At DY Patil B-School, students don’t just learn business concepts; they also develop important personal and professional skills.
1. Communication & Leadership Training
Public speaking workshops to improve confidence
Leadership exercises to develop decision-making skills
Corporate etiquette sessions for professional behavior
2. Business Competitions & Events
Startup competitions to encourage entrepreneurship
Business plan presentations to improve strategic thinking
Management games for hands-on experience in handling business challenges
3. Networking & Mentorship
Interaction with successful alumni working in global companies
Career mentorship sessions for guidance on career paths
Corporate networking events to build strong industry connections
4. Practical Business Training
Workshops on digital marketing, stock markets, and finance
Training in analytics and business intelligence tools
Role-playing exercises for better business decision-making
Global Learning at DY Patil B-School
The institute provides global exposure to prepare students for international careers.
International Learning Programs
Program
Opportunities for Students
Student Exchange Programs
Study abroad for a semester
International Business Tours
Visit top business cities
Global Internships
Work with multinational companies
Cross-Cultural Training
Learn how businesses work in different countries
Benefits of Global Exposure
Learn international business practices
Build connections with global leaders
Improve understanding of different markets
Gain competitive advantage in the job market
Entrepreneurship & Innovation
DY Patil B-School encourages students to start their own businesses and provides resources to help them succeed.
Support for Startups
Entrepreneurship Support
How it Helps Students
Startup Incubation Center
Helps students develop and launch business ideas
Mentorship from Experts
Guidance from successful entrepreneurs
Funding Assistance
Support in getting investments
Business Plan Competitions
Encourages students to think innovatively
Entrepreneurial Skills Development
Idea generation and validation
Market research and business planning
Pitching business ideas to investors
Learning how to manage a startup
DY Patil B-School is an excellent choice for students looking to build successful careers in the business world. With industry partnerships, international exposure, strong corporate ties, and a student-focused learning approach, the institute provides everything needed for a bright future.
Why DY Patil B-School?
Strong industry connections
Focus on practical learning
Global exposure for international careers
Support for entrepreneurship and innovation
Excellent resources for student development
DY Patil B-School is a place where student can grow,learn and achieve their dreams in the business world!
FAQs
Can I join Dr. DY Patil B-School directly?
Dr. DY Patil B-School Pune does not provide direct admission. Prospective students must present a valid score from an accepted national-level management entrance exam to be considered for admission. Selection begins with the entrance exam scores, and candidates must also excel in the group discussion and personal interview stages to secure a place.
What entrance exam scores does Dr. D.Y. Patil B School accept for admission to MBA?
Dr. DY Patil B-School welcomes a range of entrance exam scores for its MBA program, including CAT, XAT, MAT, GMAT, CMAT, ATMA, and MAH CET. Specifically, the Dr. D.Y. Patil School of Management in Pune considers scores from these exams for admission. Likewise, the Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Management Studies in Akurdi, Pune, accepts MAH-MBA-CET for Maharashtra candidates and CMAT for its MBA admissions. These entrance exams are key to securing a place in the MBA program at Dr. D.Y. Patil B-School.
How many students can do PGDM at Dr. D.Y. Patil B School?
Dr. DY Patil B-School provides a 2-year Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM) along with a Post Graduate Diploma in Management-Business Administration (PGDM BA). The school can accommodate 420 students in the first year, although the specific enrollment figures for the PGDM program are not disclosed. To be eligible for the PGDM course, applicants need to take at least one national-level entrance exam such as CAT, MAT, XAT, CMAT, or ATMA. The institute is recognized for its modern facilities, which include spacious classrooms, a boardroom, a seminar hall, a library, a computer lab, and a cafeteria.
DY Patil B-School Highlights
DY Patil B-School provides high-quality education, global exposure, and excellent career opportunities. Here’s why it is a preferred institution for management aspirants:
Key Highlights
Feature
Details
Accreditation & Approval
AICTE-approved
Programs Offered
MBA, PGDM, PGDM Global
Specializations
Marketing, Finance, HR, Business Analytics, Digital Marketing, Operations
Industry Exposure
Live projects, corporate tie-ups, internships
Global Exposure
International study tours, student exchange programs
Infrastructure
Smart classrooms, library, hostel, sports complex
Placement Assistance
100% career support, leading recruiters
Entrepreneurship Development
Incubation center, startup mentorship programs
DY Patil B-School Courses
DY Patil B-School offers MBA, PGDM, and PGDM Global programs designed to provide students with both theoretical knowledge and practical expertise.
1. Master of Business Administration (MBA)
A two-year full-time program that focuses on business leadership, decision-making, and strategic thinking.
Specializations Offered:
Marketing Management
Finance Management
Human Resource Management
Operations & Supply Chain Management
Digital Marketing
International Business
2. Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM)
A comprehensive two-year industry-oriented program designed to develop analytical, strategic, and leadership skills.
Key Features:
Industry-driven curriculum
Case study-based learning
Business simulation programs
Live corporate projects
3. PGDM Global Program
This internationally recognized program integrates global business strategies, international case studies, and corporate networking opportunities.
Global Learning Components:
Student exchange programs
International business study tours
Internships with multinational companies
Foreign university collaborations
DY Patil B-School is a leading institution that provides high-quality management education with a strong industry focus. The institute offers a variety of MBA and PGDM programs designed to equip students with essential business skills and real-world knowledge. These programs cover a wide range of specializations, ensuring that students can choose the best path for their careers.Read More
Overview of Courses at DY Patil B-School
DY Patil B-School offers two major types of programs:
MBA (Master of Business Administration) – A two-year program focused on core management concepts and practical applications.
PGDM (Post Graduate Diploma in Management) – A flexible, industry-oriented program that provides specialized training in business and management.
Both programs are designed to offer comprehensive knowledge in business, finance, marketing, operations, and emerging fields such as business analytics and digital marketing.
Comparison Between MBA and PGDM at DY Patil B-School
Feature
MBA Program
PGDM Program
Duration
2 Years
2 Years
Recognition
Degree from a University
AICTE-approved Diploma
Curriculum
Theoretical + Practical
Industry-focused & Flexible
Specializations
Limited options
More industry-specific choices
Internships
Available
Mandatory for practical learning
Global Exposure
Moderate
Stronger focus on international business
Industry Tie-ups
Standard
More corporate collaborations
MBA Program at DY Patil B-School
The MBA program at DY Patil B-School is a two-year postgraduate program designed to build a strong foundation in management principles. It offers various specializations, allowing students to focus on a specific industry or function.
Key Features of the MBA Program
Well-structured curriculum covering business fundamentals.
Case study-based learning for real-world business scenarios.
Internship opportunities with leading corporations.
Workshops and training sessions for practical knowledge.
Emphasis on leadership and managerial skills.
MBA Specializations Offered
Specialization
Description
Marketing Management
Focuses on branding, consumer behavior, and digital marketing strategies.
Finance Management
Covers financial planning, investment banking, and risk management.
Human Resource Management
Develops expertise in talent management, organizational behavior, and leadership.
Operations & Supply Chain Management
Teaches logistics, process optimization, and supply chain dynamics.
Business Analytics
Focuses on data-driven decision-making, machine learning, and business intelligence.
Digital Marketing
Covers SEO, social media marketing, paid advertising, and content strategy.
PGDM Program at DY Patil B-School
The PGDM program is designed for students who want industry-specific knowledge and hands-on learning. This program provides more flexibility and is regularly updated to align with corporate requirements.
Key Features of PGDM Program
Customizable curriculum tailored to industry trends.
Focus on live projects, case studies, and simulations.
Mandatory internships for practical exposure.
Stronger industry collaborations for corporate learning.
International exposure through exchange programs.
PGDM Specializations Offered
Specialization
Description
PGDM in Marketing
Covers market research, brand management, and digital strategies.
PGDM in Finance
Focuses on financial markets, corporate finance, and risk analysis.
PGDM in HR Management
Specializes in talent acquisition, employee engagement, and performance management.
PGDM in Operations
Covers production planning, logistics, and process optimization.
PGDM in Business Analytics
Data science, statistical modeling, and business intelligence strategies.
PGDM in Retail Management
Focuses on supply chain, merchandising, and consumer behavior.
PGDM in International Business
Teaches global trade, international finance, and cross-border marketing.
Global PGDM – International Business Exposure
The PGDM Global program at DY Patil B-School offers international-level learning, preparing students for global career opportunities.
Highlights of PGDM Global
International study tours to business hubs like Dubai, Singapore, and London.
Live business projects with multinational companies.
Guest lectures by global business leaders.
Cross-cultural training to understand international markets.
Internships in global firms.
Comparison Between PGDM and PGDM Global
Feature
PGDM
PGDM Global
Industry Focus
National
International
Internships
Indian Companies
Multinational Firms
International Exposure
Limited
Extensive
Study Tours
No
Yes
Global Job Opportunities
Moderate
High
Unique Learning Methods at DY Patil B-School
DY Patil B-School adopts modern teaching techniques to ensure practical understanding of business concepts.
How Courses are Taught?
Teaching Method
How it Helps Students
Case Study Methodology
Teaches problem-solving using real business examples.
Live Industry Projects
Provides practical experience in corporate settings.
Guest Lectures
Brings insights from top industry leaders.
Internship Programs
Helps students apply classroom learning in companies.
Workshops & Seminars
Offers training in specialized business areas.
Career Support & Industry Collaborations
DY Patil B-School has strong industry partnerships to help students gain employment in top firms.
Corporate Tie-Ups for Courses
Industry Collaboration Type
How it Helps Students
Live Business Simulations
Teaches real-time decision-making.
Company-Sponsored Projects
Helps in networking and industry exposure.
Corporate Training Programs
Prepares students for specific job roles.
Industry Certification Courses
Adds additional skills to enhance employability.
Internship Opportunities by Course
Program
Internship Duration
Top Recruiting Companies
MBA
6 months
HDFC, ICICI, Amazon, Deloitte
PGDM
6-9 months
Accenture, Infosys, Capgemini, TCS
PGDM Global
1 year (International)
Google, Microsoft, KPMG, PwC
DY Patil B-School offers MBA, PGDM, and PGDM Global programs that cater to different career aspirations. With strong corporate collaborations, practical training, and global exposure, these programs ensure that students receive industry-relevant knowledge and skills.
Why Choose DY Patil B-School Courses?
Wide range of specializations
Strong industry exposure
International learning opportunities
Hands-on experience with live projects
Excellent placement support
DY Patil B-School provides students with a strong foundation for a successful career in management!
FAQs
Which courses are offered at Dr DY Patil B-School?
Dr. DY Patil B-School provides a two-year full-time PGDM and PGDM in Business Administration with a range of specializations. Students can choose from three primary specializations: Marketing Management, Human Resource Management, and Financial Management, along with a minor specialization in Disruptive Innovation.
Which specialisation is the best in MBA?
The Dr. DY Patil School of Management provides a variety of MBA specializations such as Marketing Management, Financial Management, Human Resource Management, Operations & Supply Chain Management, Business Analytics, Rural & Agribusiness Management, Pharma & Healthcare Management, and Tourism & Hospitality Management. Selecting the right specialization is crucial and should align with one’s career aspirations, personal interests, and the prevailing market needs for particular skills. Taking the time to evaluate these elements is essential before making a decision on a specialization.
What are the top Scholarships for MBA at Dr. D.Y. Patil B School and how to avail them?
Eligibility criteria for scholarships include several important factors. Applicants should demonstrate strong academic performance and show financial need. Higher scores in exams like CAT, MAT, or GMAT are also beneficial. Scholarships are available for university affiliates, and it is essential to apply through the official websites, regularly checking for announcements and ensuring all necessary documents are submitted. Merit scholarships are awarded to students with outstanding scores, while need-based scholarships support those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Additionally, other scholarships may have specific requirements that must be met.
DY Patil B-School Campus
DY Patil B-School offers a modern and technologically advanced campus, providing students with an optimal learning environment.
Infrastructure Highlights
Facility
Details
Smart Classrooms
AI-powered teaching tools, digital learning platforms
Library
Extensive collection of books, journals, and research papers
Auditorium
Large seating capacity for seminars, lectures, and events
Computer Labs
High-speed internet, modern computing facilities
Hostel
Separate well-furnished hostels for boys and girls
Sports Complex
Facilities for indoor and outdoor sports activities
Cafeteria
Hygienic, nutritious meals catering to student needs
DY Patil B-School Placements
DY Patil B-School has a dedicated placement cell that works tirelessly to provide students with internship and job opportunities in leading companies.
Placement Highlights
Placement Aspect
Details
Placement Rate
95%+
Highest Package
₹20 LPA
Average Package
₹8 LPA
Top Recruiters
Amazon, Deloitte, Accenture, Infosys, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, TCS, Capgemini
Internship and Industry Exposure
Corporate internships with top organizations
Live projects for hands-on industry experience
Interaction with business leaders and entrepreneurs
Global internship opportunities
Global Exposure and Industry Connections
DY Patil B-School offers international learning experiences to prepare students for the global business landscape.
International Collaborations
International Opportunities
Details
Student Exchange Programs
Partnerships with foreign universities
International Study Tours
Visits to leading business hubs
Global Internships
Corporate projects with MNCs
Cross-Cultural Learning
Training in international business environments
Industry Engagement Activities
Corporate mentorship programs
Guest lectures by industry leaders
Workshops on emerging business trends
Startup incubation and funding opportunities
DY Patil B-School is renowned for its strong placement record, attracting top recruiters from diverse industries. The placement cell ensures that students secure high-paying jobs in sectors like banking, IT, consulting, FMCG, e-commerce, and manufacturing. The institution’s robust industry partnerships, internship programs, and skill development initiatives make graduates highly employable.Read More
This detailed article provides a complete insight into the placement process, recruiters, salary packages, industry-wise hiring trends, alumni success stories, and placement assistance programs at DY Patil B-School.
Placement Highlights at DY Patil B-School
Placement Metric
Details
Placement Rate
95%+
Highest Package (Domestic)
₹18 LPA
Highest Package (International)
₹30 LPA
Average Package
₹7.5 LPA
Median Package
₹6.5 LPA
Top Recruiting Sectors
Banking, IT, Consulting, FMCG, E-Commerce
Number of Companies Visiting
250+
Pre-Placement Offers (PPOs)
30% of students receive PPOs
Internships
100% Internship Assistance
Recruitment Process at DY Patil B-School
DY Patil B-School follows a structured placement process to ensure students are well-prepared for recruitment.
Step-by-Step Placement Process
Pre-Placement Talks (PPTs) – Companies give presentations about their work culture, job roles, and expectations.
Resume Shortlisting – Students submit resumes, and recruiters shortlist candidates based on academic performance and skills.
Aptitude Tests – Companies conduct online or offline tests to assess logical reasoning, quantitative ability, and verbal skills.
Group Discussions (GDs) – Shortlisted candidates participate in GDs to test communication, leadership, and problem-solving abilities.
Personal Interviews (PIs) – Final round where recruiters assess technical knowledge, domain expertise, and soft skills.
Job Offers & Onboarding – Selected students receive offer letters and go through onboarding sessions.
Top Recruiters at DY Patil B-School
Major Companies Hiring from DY Patil B-School
Sector
Top Recruiters
Banking & Finance
HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Kotak Mahindra, Axis Bank, Bajaj Finserv
PPOs (Pre-Placement Offers) allow students to secure jobs before the final placement drive.
PPO Trends at DY Patil B-School
30% of students receive PPOs every year.
Companies offering PPOs: Deloitte, EY, HDFC Bank, Flipkart, TCS.
Average PPO salary: ₹8.5 LPA
PPO Selection Process
Stage
Details
Performance in Internship
Companies evaluate interns based on performance, leadership, and problem-solving skills.
Project Evaluation
Interns submit a report that is reviewed by corporate mentors.
HR & Technical Interviews
Shortlisted candidates face final interviews before being offered a PPO.
Alumni Success Stories – DY Patil B-School
Notable Alumni and Their Career Achievements
Name
Batch
Current Company & Role
Rohan Sharma
2017
Marketing Manager, Coca-Cola
Neha Patel
2018
Senior Consultant, Deloitte
Vikram Joshi
2019
Vice President, HDFC Bank
Aarti Verma
2020
Product Manager, Amazon
Siddharth Mehta
2021
Business Analyst, PwC
Placement Preparation at DY Patil B-School
DY Patil B-School provides placement training programs to help students develop technical and soft skills required for recruitment.
Training Modules for Placement Preparation
Training Area
Details
Aptitude Training
Logical reasoning, quantitative ability, data interpretation
Resume Building
CV writing, LinkedIn profile optimization
Mock Interviews
HR and technical interview practice
Group Discussion Training
Communication skills, problem-solving approach
Why DY Patil B-School Has a Strong Placement Record ?
95%+ placement rate with top recruiters
Competitive salary packages across industries
Pre-placement offers (PPOs) from leading firms
Diverse industry tie-ups for internships & live projects
Comprehensive training programs to enhance employability
DY Patil B-School ensures that students graduate with excellent career opportunities, making it a top choice for management aspirants.
FAQs
How good are PGDM placements at Dr. DY Patil B-School?
The main features of the 2024 PGDM placements at Dr DY Patil B-School are summarized as follows: the highest salary offered is INR 24 LPA, the average salary stands at INR 8.01 LPA, and the minimum salary is INR 4.5 LPA.
Which companies are the top recruiters during Dr. DY Patil B-School placement drive?
The following highlights the leading recruiters from recent placements at Dr. DY Patil B-School: ITC, KPMG, Airtel, Wipro, Amul, Amazon, Bosch, EY, Paytm, and ICICI Bank.
How are MBA placements at Dr. DY Patil B-School?
Dr. DY Patil B-School boasts an impressive track record in MBA placements, highlighting several beneficial aspects for its students. The school proudly reports a 100% placement rate for its latest graduating classes, indicating strong employability for its alumni. The presence of prominent companies like Flipkart, HDFC Bank, ITC, TCS, and Accenture during placement drives opens up a wealth of job opportunities for students. Many students appreciate the dedicated placement cell, which plays a crucial role in preparing them for interviews and guiding their career paths. The faculty, comprised of experienced professionals with industry connections, enhances the quality of career counseling and provides valuable insights into the business world. The institution actively fosters relationships with various companies, facilitating internships and potential job placements after graduation.
DY Patil B-School Admission Process
The admission process is structured and transparent, ensuring that only the most deserving candidates secure a seat.
Eligibility Criteria
A Bachelor’s degree with at least 50% marks (45% for reserved categories)
A valid CAT, XAT, MAT, CMAT, GMAT, or ATMA score
Performance in Group Discussion (GD) and Personal Interview (PI)
DY Patil B-School provides an enriching campus experience, blending academic rigor with extracurricular activities.
Student Clubs and Committees
Club Name
Focus Area
Marketing Club
Branding, digital marketing, advertising
Finance Club
Stock markets, investment strategies
Entrepreneurship Cell
Business ideas, startup mentoring
Cultural & Arts Club
Events, music, dance, drama
Social Responsibility Club
Community service initiatives
Annual Events and Conferences
Management Summits featuring top business leaders
Cultural Fest celebrating talent across music, dance, and drama
Sports Competitions promoting teamwork and leadership
DY Patil B-School Alumni
DY Patil B-School has a strong alumni network spread across various industries.
Alumni Achievements
Details
Entrepreneurs
Startups in technology, finance, and healthcare
Corporate Leaders
Senior positions in Fortune 500 companies
Global Presence
Alumni working in the USA, UK, Canada, UAE, Australia
Conclusion: Why DY Patil B-School is the Right Choice?
DY Patil B-School is a top-ranking institution offering MBA, PGDM, and PGDM Global programs with a focus on industry exposure, international collaborations, and career growth.
Key Takeaways:
High-quality education with global recognition
Industry-driven curriculum with practical exposure
Strong corporate network and placement support
Cutting-edge infrastructure and modern learning facilities
Excellent career and entrepreneurship opportunities
DY Patil B-School is the perfect choice for aspiring business leaders who seek world-class management education and global career prospects.
DY Patil B-School FAQs
1. What are the programs offered at DY Patil B-School?
DY Patil B-School offers MBA, PGDM, and PGDM Global programs with specializations in Marketing, Finance, Human Resource Management, Business Analytics, Digital Marketing, and Operations.
2. What is the eligibility criteria for admission?
To apply for MBA and PGDM programs, candidates must have: A Bachelor’s degree with at least 50% marks (45% for reserved categories). A valid score in CAT, XAT, MAT, CMAT, GMAT, or ATMA. Performance in Group Discussion (GD) and Personal Interview (PI).
3. Does DY Patil B-School provide placement assistance?
Yes, the institute has a dedicated placement cell that offers 100% placement assistance. Top recruiters include Amazon, Deloitte, Accenture, Infosys, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, TCS, and Capgemini. The highest package goes up to ₹20 LPA, with an average package of ₹8 LPA.
4. What kind of infrastructure and facilities are available?
DY Patil B-School has modern classrooms, a well-stocked library, computer labs, an auditorium, hostel accommodation, a cafeteria, and a sports complex. The campus is equipped with state-of-the-art learning tools and smart technology.
5. Does the institute provide international exposure?
Yes, the PGDM Global program offers student exchange programs, international study tours, global internships, and collaborations with foreign universities. This helps students gain global business insights and cross-cultural experience.
